Século do Sexo
Bem-vindo ao «Século do Sexo».
Explore os principais eventos e marcos da sexualidade ao longo das gerações e dos países. « Século do Sexo » é agora o seu guia para compreender a história em evolução dos direitos, da saúde e da expressão sexuais, mostrando que a sexualidade sempre foi, e continua a ser, uma parte vital da vida humana ao longo do tempo e do espaço.
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1813
Descriminalização de Atos Homossexuais na Baviera
The French Code Napoleon contained no provisions criminalizing homosexual acts. The penal code for the Kingdom of Bavaria, which came into force in 1813, was based on this. The underlying idea was that consensual same-sex acts did not harm anyone. In contrast, homosexuality remained a criminal offence in most other German states, and traditional moral concepts shaped the way sexuality was dealt with in the laws.
Read more | Reference1864
Karl Heinrich Ulrichs, o Primeiro Homem Homossexual da História Mundial
Starting in 1864, Karl Heinrich Ulrichs self-published a total of 12 writings on male-male love. His hypothesis that a female soul in a male body leads to homosexual acts found its way into the discourse of and about trans* people in the 20th century. Ulrichs was a lawyer from the Kingdom of Hanover, where homosexual acts were not punishable by law at that time. However, the disclosure of homosexual acts was considered a ‘public nuisance’ and prosecuted. As a result, Ulrichs was forced to leave the civil service in 1854 when rumours about him began to circulate. Instead, he devoted himself to the fight against the criminalisation of same-sex acts. He was forced to interrupt his speech on this subject at the German Lawyers’ Congress in 1867 amid tumultuous circumstances. In 1880, he finally emigrated to Italy, where homosexual acts were not punishable by law.
Read more | Reference1871
Criminalização de Atos Sexuais entre Homens
On 1 January 1871, Section 175 of the Criminal Code came into force, initially for the North German Confederation and, one year later, for the newly founded German Empire. The section made same-sex acts between men a criminal offence. The National Socialists tightened the paragraph in 1935. This version remained in force in the Federal Republic of Germany until the reforms of the paragraph in 1969 and 1973. Since then, only sexual acts with male adolescents under the age of 18 have been punishable, whereas the age of consent for lesbian and heterosexual acts was 14. It was not until after reunification in 1994 that Section 175 was also repealed for the territory of the old Federal Republic. A total of around 140,000 men were convicted under the various versions of Section 175.
Read more | Reference1919
Fundação do Instituto de Ciências Sexuais
In 1919, Dr Magnus Hirschfeld, a physician who had been campaigning for the decriminalisation and social acceptance of homosexuality since the end of the 19th century, founded the world’s first Institute for Sexual Science in Berlin. The institute was primarily an outpatient facility for counselling on sexual problems and for the examination, assessment and treatment of all sexual disorders. It provided further training for doctors and lectures for interested laypeople. Finally, it was also a contact point for queer people in need. Hirschfeld’s work on transgender issues was revolutionary. On 5 March 1930, one of the first gender reassignment operations was performed with the institute’s involvement. The institute issued so-called transvestite certificates, which allowed people to wear clothing in public that corresponded to their gender identity. Certificates for transgender people made it possible to change their first name. The National Socialists looted and destroyed the institute on 6 May 1933.
Read more | Reference1971
Um Filme como Catalisador do Movimento Gay Alemão
The film It is not homosexuals who are perverse, but the situation in which they live by Rosa von Praunheim premiered on 3 July 1971 at the Berlinale, the Berlin International Film Festival. Its main purpose was to provoke homosexuals themselves. The film not only denounced social and legal discrimination, but also revealed the reasons for the conformist behaviour of gay men. The aim was their personal and collective emancipation: they should organise themselves and fight in solidarity for a free society. The film served as a means of agitation, toured the Federal Republic of Germany and was always shown followed by a discussion. The film triggered a wave of gay groups being founded and is thus considered a catalyst for the gay movement in the Federal Republic of Germany. It also sparked discussions among lesbians and led to the formation of groups that initially called themselves gay women.
Read more | Reference1983
A Crise da SIDA e a Fundação da Deutschen Aidshilfe
In the early 1980s, AIDS was a new, nameless and cruel disease that initially affected and killed mainly gay and bisexual men. AIDS support groups were founded in many places in Germany to counter the threat of repression against the gay community and to educate the population. On 23 September 1983, Deutsche AIDS-Hilfe was founded. It is thanks to the then Federal Minister of Health, Rita Süssmuth, that the fight against AIDS in Germany was based on education and personal responsibility rather than coercive measures. AIDS support organisations quickly developed into central and recognised players in counselling, prevention and disease management. For a long time, the gay community was traumatised by the high death rate. The drug AZT, which had not yet been thoroughly researched, caused severe side effects. It was not until 1996 that life-prolonging combinations of active ingredients (ART) came onto the market, triggering both hope and scepticism. ART brought countless seriously ill people back to life.
Read more | Reference2001
Lei sobre as Uniões de Facto Registadas na Alemanha
On 1 August 2001, the law on registered partnerships came into force in Germany. At that time, the state granted legal recognition to same-sex partnerships for the first time. Important regulations such as visiting rights in hospitals and the right of residence for non-German partners were introduced. However, this did not achieve complete equality. In particular, tax regulations were excluded when registered partnerships were introduced, and adoption rights were not initially provided for in the law at all. Only gradually were some inequalities eliminated, often through rulings by the Federal Constitutional Court. On 1 October 2017, this special regulation was replaced by marriage, which same-sex couples have also been able to enter since then.
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1791
Abolition of the Crime of Sodomy
The French Revolution abolishes the crime of sodomy, decriminalizing relations between men. France becomes one of the first countries to do so.
Read more | RefernceJune 25, 1977
First Pride March in France
The first homosexual march in France, held in Paris, to commemorate the Stonewall riots and demand LGBTQ+ rights.
Read more | RefernceAugust 4, 1982
Final Decriminalization of Homosexuality
Repeal of the discriminatory age of consent law (a provision inherited from the Vichy regime), fully decriminalizing homosexuality.
Read more | RefernceApril 7, 1994
First Sidaction
The first Sidaction event, a major media and charitable fundraiser for the fight against AIDS.
Read more | RefernceMay 17, 2013
Legalization of Same-Sex Marriage and Adoption
The law known as “Marriage for All” is enacted, authorizing civil marriage and adoption for same-sex couples. Significance: Before there where only PACS (Civil Solidarity Pact) since 1999
Read more | RefernceJune 5, 2004
First same-sex marriage in France
The mayor of Bègles, a town near Bordeaux, officiated the first same-sex marriage in France to respect the principle of equality before the law. However, same-sex marriage would not become legal until nine years later.
Read more | RefernceAugust 2, 2021
Medically Assisted Procreation (MAP)Opened to All Women
The bioethics law extends access to Medically Assisted Procreation to female couples and single women.
Read more | RefernceJanuary 25, 2022
Ban on Conversion Therapy
France bans practices aimed at modifying a person’s sexual orientation or gender identity.
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1973
O Julgamento das Três Marias em Lisboa, Portugal
O julgamento de Maria Isabel Barreno, Maria Teresa Horta e Maria Velho da Costa, conhecidas como as «Três Marias», teve início a 25 de outubro de 1973. O seu livro, Novas Cartas Portuguesas, publicado em 1972, foi considerado pornográfico e imoral pelo regime do Estado Novo, o que levou à sua acusação. O livro, uma crítica feminista à sociedade patriarcal, explorava a sexualidade feminina e os papéis de género, despertando a atenção internacional e destacando a censura e a opressão de género em Portugal. Significado: Este processo judicial tornou-se um símbolo de resistência contra o autoritarismo e o controlo patriarcal, contribuindo para o discurso feminista em Portugal e além-fronteiras.
Read more | Reference1974
Primeira Manifestação do Movimento Homossexual no Porto, Portugal
Isto ocorreu três semanas após a Revolução dos Cravos, que derrubou a ditadura do Estado Novo. António Serzedelo, historiador e ativista social, foi coautor do manifesto «Liberdade para as Minorias Sexuais», como parte da recém-formada MHAR. Serzedelo, que na altura trabalhava no departamento de Informação e Contra-Informação do Estado-Maior do Exército, tornou-se uma figura-chave no ativismo LGBTIQ+ inicial em Portugal, defendendo os direitos das minorias sexuais durante um período de mudanças revolucionárias. O seu ativismo continuou como membro do gabinete do General Franco Charais no Conselho da Revolução e através do seu compromisso ao longo da vida com a justiça social, incluindo funções como presidente do Comité Português para os Direitos Humanos e como jornalista. Significado: O manifesto e o ativismo de Serzedelo marcaram um momento fundamental para a visibilidade LGBTIQ+ em Portugal, aproveitando a abertura pós-revolucionária para promover os direitos das minorias sexuais e desafiar as normas sociais.
Read more | Reference1982
Descriminalização da Homossexualidade em Portugal
Esta reforma fez parte de uma modernização mais ampla da legislação portuguesa após a Revolução dos Cravos de 1974, que pôs fim à ditadura e deu início a um período de democratização e mudanças sociais progressivas. Esta atualização legal colocou Portugal entre o grupo crescente de países europeus que avançavam na direção da proteção dos direitos sexuais durante a década de 1980. Embora a descriminalização não tenha eliminado imediatamente o estigma ou a discriminação, marcou o primeiro passo estrutural para o reconhecimento dos direitos e da dignidade das pessoas LGBTIQ+.
Significado: Esta alteração legal foi um passo crucial para os direitos LGBTIQ+, alinhando Portugal com outras nações europeias que descriminalizaram a homossexualidade e lançando as bases para futuras medidas de igualdade.
Significance: This legal change was a critical step toward LGBTIQ+ rights, aligning Portugal with other European nations decriminalising homosexuality and laying the groundwork for future equality measures.
1997
O Primeiro Arraial Pride em Lisboa, Portugal
O primeiro evento Arraial Pride em Lisboa foi realizado em Lisboa, no dia 28 de junho de 1997, apesar da forte chuva que caiu no início do dia. Foi a primeira festa LGBT Pride ao ar livre de Portugal, organizada na Praça do Príncipe Real pela ILGA Portugal e pela Câmara Municipal de Lisboa. O evento teve como objetivo promover um sentimento de comunidade e ajudar as pessoas a sentirem-se confortáveis em se identificarem como LGBTI. Houve apresentações de drag queens, música ao vivo e forte participação dos bares locais. O ambiente foi festivo e emocionante, com mais participantes do que o esperado. Apesar de alguns cartazes homofóbicos e da presença da polícia, o evento foi um grande sucesso e teve ampla cobertura da mídia, marcando um importante marco para a visibilidade LGBTI em Portugal. Significado: O primeiro orgulho marcou um ponto de viragem para a visibilidade LGBTIQ+ em Portugal, criando um espaço público onde as pessoas podiam celebrar as suas identidades abertamente e em segurança pela primeira vez.
Read more | Reference2010
Legalização do Casamento entre Pessoas do Mesmo Sexo em Portugal
A lei foi assinada pelo presidente Aníbal Cavaco Silva após aprovação parlamentar, concedendo aos casais do mesmo sexo os mesmos direitos matrimoniais que aos casais heterossexuais, embora os direitos de adoção tenham sido inicialmente excluídos (posteriormente concedidos em 2016). Este marco colocou Portugal entre os primeiros países europeus a legalizar o casamento entre pessoas do mesmo sexo, sinalizando uma grande mudança em direção à igualdade jurídica e ao reconhecimento social das famílias LGBTIQ+. Apesar de algum debate público na altura, a aprovação da lei contribuiu para uma maior visibilidade, proteção e dignidade das pessoas LGBTIQ+ em Portugal. Significado: Esta foi uma conquista histórica para os direitos LGBTIQ+, refletindo o crescente compromisso de Portugal com a igualdade e a inclusão social.
Read more | Reference2016
Lei que Permite a Adoção por Casais do Mesmo Sexo em Portugal
A adoção, em qualquer das suas formas, é agora legalmente permitida em Portugal para casais do mesmo sexo. Anteriormente, os casais do mesmo sexo, quer fossem casados ou vivessem em união de facto, podiam adotar, mas apenas um dos membros do casal podia assumir as responsabilidades parentais. Isto criava insegurança jurídica para as famílias, deixando um dos pais sem reconhecimento formal e limitando as proteções para a criança. A reforma de 2016 corrigiu esta desigualdade, permitindo a adoção conjunta e a coadoção, garantindo que ambos os pais fossem legalmente reconhecidos desde o início. A mudança também alinhou a legislação portuguesa com as normas internacionais de direitos humanos e com a realidade vivida por muitas famílias LGBTIQ+. Significado: Este desenvolvimento jurídico representou um passo importante para a plena igualdade familiar em Portugal, reforçando os direitos e as proteções das crianças criadas por pais do mesmo sexo.
Read more | Reference2018
Lei sobre a Autodeterminação de Género em Portugal
A lei, aprovada pelo Presidente Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa, também protegeu a autonomia corporal das pessoas intersexuais. Ela introduziu o direito de mudar o nome legal e o indicador de género a partir dos 16 anos, com o apoio adequado, reduzindo as barreiras burocráticas e discriminatórias. A legislação foi amplamente reconhecida como uma das mais progressistas da Europa, refletindo o crescente apoio público e político à diversidade de género. Significado: Esta legislação progressista marcou um avanço significativo nos direitos das pessoas transgénero e intersexuais, alinhando Portugal com as normas internacionais de direitos humanos. Reforçou a dignidade jurídica, a autonomia e a proteção das pessoas com diversidade de género e intersexuais, e estabeleceu um precedente importante para outros países que procuram modernizar as suas leis de reconhecimento de género.
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1864
O Código Penal de Cuza e um Início Liberal
With the modernization of legislation, the 1864 Penal Code contained no reference to homosexual acts. At a time when many European states punished same-sex relations with prison or even death, Romania offered, by omission, a more tolerant framework. This moment was a surprisingly progressive step for a newly unified state, placing Romania among the first European countries not to explicitly criminalize homosexuality.
Significance: This omission positioned Romania unexpectedly ahead of many European states at the time, offering a comparatively tolerant legal environment. It laid an early foundation for understanding sexual diversity as a private matter rather than a criminal one, even though this progress would later be reversed.
1968
Artigo 200 do Código Penal Comunista
Under Nicolae Ceaușescu’s regime, the 1968 Penal Code introduced the infamous Article 200. Same-sex relations, even private and consensual, were punishable with up to 5 years in prison. The law legitimized systematic surveillance and harassment of LGBTQ individuals by the Securitate and police, turning intimacy itself into a state-controlled crime.
Significance: Article 200 became one of the most intrusive forms of state intervention in private life in communist Romania. It institutionalised fear, secrecy and harassment, creating long-lasting trauma in LGBTQ communities and normalising state surveillance as a tool for social control.
1874
Recriminalização da Homossexualidade sob Carol I
Barely a decade later, the 1874 Penal Code, under King Carol I, reintroduced the criminalization of homosexuality. “Sexual inversion” became a punishable offense, aligning Romania with the conservative legal traditions of the era. This reversal marked the beginning of more than a century of state control and repression directed at LGBTQ lives.
Significance: The return to criminalization marked a dramatic shift toward conservative state control. It set the stage for over a century of legal persecution, embedding stigma into the legal system and legitimising discrimination against LGBTQ people in social and institutional life.
1996
Ativismo LGBTQ e a Primeira Quebra Legal
In a post-communist climate marked by intolerance, ACCEPT was founded — the first Romanian NGO defending LGBTQ rights. That same year, Parliament amended Article 200: private same-sex relations were no longer criminalized, but public or “scandalous” ones remained illegal. It was a partial victory, yet it signaled both the birth of organized LGBTQ activism and the first legislative break in the wall of repression.
Significance: The founding of ACCEPT represented the birth of organised LGBTQ advocacy in Romania. The partial amendment to Article 200 demonstrated, for the first time, that legal reform was possible. It also opened public space for activism, visibility and political pressure for full decriminalisation.
2001
Descriminalização das Relações entre Pessoas do mesmo Sexo
Under pressure from the European Union accession process, Prime Minister Adrian Năstase’s government repealed Article 200 through an emergency ordinance. Romania thus ended over a century of legal repression against LGBTQ people. Beyond a technical requirement for EU membership, the repeal was a symbolic turning point, recognizing the right to privacy and dignity for gay and lesbian citizens.
Significance: The repeal of Article 200 ended more than 125 years of criminalisation. It signified a historic shift toward human rights, aligning Romania with European democratic principles. Beyond meeting EU standards, it symbolised recognition of LGBTQ individuals as equal citizens deserving dignity and protection.
2005
A primeira Marcha do Orgulho na Roménia
Bucharest hosted its first Diversity March, organized by ACCEPT as part of GayFest. The event faced hostility and protests but also represented an act of civic courage. For the first time, LGBTQ people in Romania claimed their place in the streets openly, laying the foundation for what would become the annual Bucharest Pride tradition.
Significance: The first Pride march broke the public silence surrounding LGBTQ identities and marked an important milestone for visibility and community empowerment. Despite hostility, the event established a tradition of annual Pride celebrations and strengthened Romania’s emerging LGBTQ civil society.
1987
Formação do Movimento de Libertação Gay Cipriota (AKOK)
The Cypriot Gay Liberation Movement (AKOK) was founded in December 1987 by prominent activist Alecos Modinos, together with 16 gay men and one lesbian woman, at a time when male same-sex relations were still criminalised in Cyprus and public discussion of homosexuality was deeply taboo. As the first organised LGBT rights group on the island, AKOK focused primarily on campaigning for the decriminalisation of sexual relations between men and challenging the widespread homophobia supported by state authorities and the Orthodox Church. Although it was never officially registered because it was too risky for enough people to publicly sign as members, AKOK joined the International Gay and Lesbian Association (ILGA), met in private spaces, and created support initiatives such as a “Gay Phone Line” for the community. AKOK’s activism, combined with Modinos’ landmark case before the European Court of Human Rights, paved the way for the eventual decriminalisation of same-sex sexual activity in 1998 and laid the historical groundwork for later organisations such as Accept – LGBT Cyprus.
Read more | Refernce1998
Descriminalização da Homossexualidade no Chipre
Homosexuality was decriminalized in Cyprus on May 21, 1998, when the House of Representatives passed a bill amending the Criminal Code to remove penalties for consensual same-sex relations between adults, aligning the country with European human rights standards following the 1993 Modinos v. Cyprus European Court ruling. The law abolished provisions like Articles 171 and 173 that imposed up to five years’ imprisonment for male homosexual acts, amid fierce opposition from the Orthodox Church, which led protests and walkouts. Initially, the age of consent remained unequal (18 for homosexuals vs. 16 for heterosexuals) and “promoting” homosexuality was criminalized, but these were equalized to 17 in 2002 after further pressure, ending Cyprus’s status as one of Europe’s last holdouts on criminalizing homosexuality and paving the way for later LGBT advancements like civil unions in 2015.
Read more | Refernce2014
Primeiro Marcha do Orgulho Gay no Chipre, Nicósia
Cyprus held its first Gay Pride parade in Nicosia on May 31, 2014, organized by Accept-LGBT Cyprus, drawing nearly 5,000 participants, far exceeding expectationsand featuring support from former President George Vasiliou and pop star Anna Vissi. Held 16 years after homosexuality’s decriminalization, the event marched through central Nicosia streets from the Municipal Gardens, emphasizing equal rights amid a conservative society, with speeches, performances, and family activities. This landmark parade marked a turning point for visibility and acceptance, growing annually with government backing and inspiring events on both sides of the island, including in the north.
Read more | Refernce2015
Lei da União de Facto no Chipre
On July 26, 2015, Cyprus recognized civil cohabitation agreements for both samesex and opposite-sex couples, providing marriage-like rights in social security, pensions, inheritance, and medical decisions. Sponsored by DISY MP Christos Stavrou during heated debates on equality, the law established a Registrar for these partnerships, offering vital protections against discrimination and aligning Cyprus with EU human rights standards years after decriminalizing homosexuality. This progressive step boosted LGBT visibility, with over 200 registrations by 2023, spurred further advances like surrogacy rights in 2022, and challenged conservative Church opposition, empowering couples to build secure futures together. On December 2015, the Civil Cohabitation Law comes into effect.
Read more | Refernce2020
Proibição da Terapia de Conversão no Chipre
In May 2020, Cyprus enacted a groundbreaking ban on conversion therapy through amendments to the Combating Domestic Violence and Violence against Women Law (specifically under Law 112(1)/2021), criminalizing any psychological, medical, religious, or other practices aimed at changing or suppressing an individual’s sexual orientation or gender identity, with penalties of up to five years’ imprisonment and fines to safeguard LGBTQ+ mental health rights. This legislation, championed by Accept-LGBT Cyprus and aligned with European Union recommendations, targets harmful interventions often promoted by conservative religious groups, recognizing their links to severe psychological trauma, depression, and suicide risk, and builds on prior LGBT milestones like decriminalization and civil unions. By framing such practices as a form of domestic violence, the law empowers victims to seek justice through reporting mechanisms and judicial enforcement, positioning Cyprus as a leader in the region for protective reforms despite ongoing societal resistance.
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